• Prin Contiina Noastr Ne Implicm In Ordinea Sau Dezordinea Universului 3

In 2016 the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) had reached a deadlock when Romania and Bulgaria refused to sign on to the deal if their second-class treatment afforded by Canada would continue. The two countries were the only EU members not to benefit from Canada’s visa-free regime. With a net benefit threshold set at C$1.5 billion, CETA was a major economic opportunity that Canada could not afford to miss.The fact that Romanians today have to bring a major trade agreement to a halt just so they can visit family and friends in Canada is symbolic of the major shifts in socioeconomic and geopolitical configurations that globalization has engendered. Almost two centuries ago, just as nowadays, Canada was reeling from a difficult economic recession.

It thirsted for settlers to remake its Prairies into the New World Breadbasket. Romanians were then prized targets, enjoying extensive targeted advertising and dedicated immigration agencies. As then Minister of the Interior, Sir Clifford Sifton, put it: “a stalwart peasant in a sheep-skin coat, born on the soil, whose forefathers have been farmers for ten generations, with a stout wife and a half dozen children, is a good quality.”The 21st Century is no longer looking for farmers with large families.

The knowledge society requires a different kind of workforce and plays by different kinds of rules. The city thrives without knowing what the countryside does, yet, is just as dependent on its harvests. This special issue of the Journal of Urban Anthropology explores the personal, institutional, and policy shifts of urban immigration and migration. What are the local sociopolitical and economic transformations that prompts people to leave their home countries and how do they adjust to life outside and beyond their longstanding social networks?

How do cities and economies adjust to an influx of migrants and immigrants? What do life stories teach us about people’s lived experiences and their agency once embarked on the process of migration?

And if globalization has accelerated people’s movements, how is knowledge circulated, protected and infringed?Issue overviewPeople’s movements across the globe are intensifying as transportation and communication infrastructures open up physical and virtual spaces. Climate change, political strife and economic recession trigger massive population shifts challenging not only states’ legal and geopolitical arrangements, but more so the capacity of their citizens to absorb the flow of cultural and ideological diversity. The rise of far-right movements in Europe and elsewhere are testament to our slow conceptual, ethical and cognitive adaptation to diversity and multiculturalism in an age of hypermobility. As new cultural and sociopolitical configurations produce local urban shifts, global movements coalesce around collective and shared desires for social justice.While historically states have been able to control (albeit to varying degrees) the flow of new arrivals though policy and policing, the ironic effect of trade agreements in reducing tariffs, quotas and restrictions for goods, has also made borders more porous to movement of bodies and ideas.

In this special edition, Piyusha Chatterjee shows how the new neoliberal economy, tracing back to the Renaissance period, maintains imperial tenets of legality, property and power. Using the pirate figure, she unveils a postcolonial urbanity in which the top down neoliberal dream is subverted by the very ‘victims’ of its marginalizing tendencies. In the urban Global South, the informal economy of displaced people and their everyday practices complicate tendencies that see globalization as either a totalizing homogenous process or as an essentialized site of resistance. Chatterjee uses the concept of ‘worlding’, derived from Heidegger’s notion of ‘being in the world’, to show the urban space as an ‘assemblage of practices’ that enable the subaltern “to make themselves emerge within the neoliberal network and negotiate power and control”.The City of Alexandria, a suburb of Washington DC, has until recently, welcomed mostly culturally homogenous immigrants. In 2010, the census showed that almost a quarter of its population was born outside of the United States.

As its main department tasked with preservation and valorisation of historical information and artefacts, The Office of Historic Alexandria has, since the 1980s, used oral histories to “increase awareness of and appreciation for the range of the City’s people and heritage”. Depending mostly on volunteers, the Immigrant Alexandria Project began in 2015 as a way to better understand the experience of its newest citizens and to dispel linear and simplistic economic models of immigration and limited understandings of integration processes. Depending mostly on volunteers, the Immigrant Alexandria Project began in 2015 as a way to better understand the experience of its newest citizens and to dispel linear and simplistic economic models of immigration and limited understandings of integration processes. The twenty-seven interviewees, coming form seventeen countries, show that education and political instability are among the most important reasons for leaving one’s home country. Terilee Edwards-Hewitt concludes that while common theories of international migration generally show a rural to urban mobility, in Alexandria most of the immigrants prior to their migration lived in urban and suburban areas where economic risk is usually easier to mitigate.If immigration is generally understood as a response to external structural factors, what can the experience of voluntary migrants teach about freedom, independence and choice for those as the margins of citizenship? In her article, Nadia Hausfather, uses the concept of ‘existential migration’ to show how social mobilization among homeless youth in the Kitchener-Waterloo region of Canada played “an important role in shaping their experience of homelessness, in a manner that could be considered to have an ‘existential’ impact”. While youth are often the target of state control and source of adult anxiety, homeless youth can be said to be doubly marginalized first by their age, and second by their exclusion from social networks.

What happens then when homeless youth mobilize to protect their rights and safety in a context when policing of their everyday lives furthers their already precarious reality? While ‘existential migration’ has been understood as an individual iteration of agency, Hausfather shows how activism becomes a ‘collectively-driven catalyst that can provide solace both psychological and existential’ for homeless youth activists.As the original inhabitants and self-determined stewards of ancestral territories, Indigenous peoples have since 1492 pushed back against colonial power.

Until recently, in much of the Commonwealth, being Indigenous and urban has been deemed an oxymoron. Long relegated to reserves and reservations, the Indigenous presence in the city has been consistently invisibilized. The hypermobility that characterizes the 21st Century is not reserved for middle class settlers.

Indigenous peoples are increasingly becoming urbanized (and in many ways have always inhabited the city), reclaiming their original territories, while at the same time maintaining their kinship ties with their territorial communities. Justine Parisien-Dumais, Sydni Jackson, Kayla Michaud and Ioana Radu show how in Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia, Indigenous peoples invest in social housing as a way to ‘claim their rights to the city’. This concerted action that includes important collaborations with municipal and state actors, is not just about lowering rent cost, but more so a process of reclaiming place and building community in spaces that are often unwelcoming. Culturally safe integrated service delivery arrangements become a vital aspect of social housing for Indigenous peoples and of their wellbeing in cities across the world.ConclusionThe city, bastion of modernity and cosmopolitanism, perpetually insomniac, is slowly losing some of its veneer.

In its streets and alleyways, illegals and the marginalized are disturbing the normativity its has so long enjoyed. They are peddling goods and services outside the neoliberal networks, changing the very structure of the economic system. Homeless youth activists, Indigenous peoples, immigrants and migrants alike, are changing the very structure of our cognitive landscapes, reminding us that lives matter, that history is not an abstract linear process, that places and spaces are imbued with myriad meanings, and knowledge and ideas have escaped the policed borders and firewalled virtual networks for good. And although the image of yesteryear’s peasant, the noble and hardworking pioneer, has been replaced by the economic immigrant equally vital in maintaining the knowledge society, global population shifts will remain indeterminate in their composition. Uncertainty and subalternity may thus characterize urban reality in a globalized world.Is this, then, the era of the subaltern?

If so as Chatterjee alludes, by becoming visible and taking the power back, is the subaltern a mere illusion, romanticized by the neoliberal henchmen in order to docialize those on the margins? Perhaps the city, with its grey zones of action and alterity, can harmonize the local shifts in light of global movements and regenerate both the physical and existential struggles for social justice.Ioana Radu, PhDConcordia University, School of Community and Public Affairs. The pirate is always portrayed as a crime against the dominant system of law, order and administration. It is as much a political position as it is indicative of social and economic marginalization in society.

This paper argues that the piratical holds promise for the subaltern as a means to present itself before the world and stake a claim to it through practices that help them become visible to the state and the market. Whether it is media piracy in the developing economies or stealing of electricity and water by the urban poor through manipulation of the existing infrastructure, piracy translates into agency for the economically and politically marginalized in the Global South. Piracy is also linked with global population movements. I draw on the literature about “worlding” of cities in the Global South and read them in the light of the literature on piracy emerging from these places to draw links between the agency in piracy and the desire to go global among the people of the Global South. The urban poor from the Global South engage in the piratical – informal and illegal everyday practices from below – to make themselves visible to the global market, neoliberal institutions and state apparatuses. Immigrant Alexandria is a volunteer driven oral history project designed to recognize, celebrate and increase public awareness of the cultural diversity of the City of Alexandria, Virginia.

The project was influenced by the 2010 U.S. Census which found 24% of all City of Alexandria residents were born outside of the United States. After an intensive first year (2015-2016) funded by a grant, the project is continuing with the aim of involving members of the immigrant community with the museums in the City and informing the wider community of Alexandria’s diversity, and at the same time, its shared experiences. The use of oral histories as a research technique gives in-depth information about personal and cultural history as well as giving a perspective on the immigration experience that many people born in the U.S.

Are not familiar with or do not have access to. An advantage of using life histories for the Immigrant Alexandria Project helps demonstrate something which is often overlooked in popular media discussion of modern immigration: immigrants do not have a monolithic background, the same reasons for coming to the United States, or the same occupations in the U.S., even if the immigrants are from the same country. We conclude with a discussion of the successes and challenges of the Immigrant Alexandria Project. In this article, I explore how Madison’s (2006 & 2016) concept of ‘existential migration’ applies to the experience of homeless youth who were involved in activism against and within the city. In 2004, I carried out a Participatory Action Research project with homeless youth in the ‘twin cities’ of Kitchener-Waterloo, Canada about the controversy in the community around homeless youth who were involved in activism. Based on interviews and surveys, I begin by exploring the concerns of adult key informants about homeless youth’s involvement in activism.

I then compare their perspectives to those of homeless youth activists, to suggest that the viewpoints of adult key informants were limited or paternalistic. Based on the experiences of homeless youth and an exploration of the theoretical backgroundof Madison’s concept, I suggest that the concept of existential migration can provide important insight to these homeless youth’s experience with activism. Youth reporteda sense of freedom, independence, choice, and meaning, without necessarily cutting ties to family or community. The particular experience of homeless youth activists suggests that Madison’s concept is limited by its focus on individual agency. Madison developed the concept of existential migration based on his own perception from his interviews with migrants, whose experience of movement to a new place was often solitary and ambivalent about belonging; in contrast, these homeless youth revealed a collective sense of belonging and agency, and societal awareness and purpose, based on their subaltern positionality and politics.

When and how did cities appear? For a long while the most widely spread theory was that of diffusion. According to this theory, cities first appeared in Mesopotamia, around the 4th century B.C. From there they spread towards the Indus Valley and China, and towards the west, towards Greece. The Greek polis is the ancestor of European cities, a red thread connecting Ancient Greece’s urban settlements to those of today.

It is not the sole theory linked to the birth and evolution of urban worlds, but, alas, we’ve already headed for the roots of cities, forgetting another question, just as important. What makes a city a city? Or, more simply put, what is a city? The answer seems to be linked to the field of evidence and all urban anthropology treaties develop their analyses starting with the history of the city, or anything else, deeming the answer to the former question implicit. Yet things are not quite so.What we understand by city is still unclear, and so our concept of city when referring to ancient civilisations is even less clear. The city means different things, not only from one age to another but also from one culture to another, and even in neighbouring geographical areas the definition of city could differ substantially.

In Romania for instance, the main criteria for a village or locality to obtain city status is, by law, its number of inhabitants. A settlement can become a city if it has more than 5 000 dwellers, and if 75% of them have an occupation not linked to agriculture. Aside from these two mandatory criteria, there are others concerning the quality of life, yet, according to the 2011 law, they seem rather secondary, even facultative. In Hungary, our neighbour, from whom the Romanian language borrowed the very term used for city, the criteria are of an entirely different nature. A settlement is declared a city if it has a high school and complete sewage system, no matter the population’s size or main occupation. This is why places with only 2000 dwellers or even fewer can easily be included on the list of cities. Romania was 55% urban in 2015, according to estimates, and, the same year, Hungary was recorded as being 71% urban.

The numbers are clear, but they are just numbers for behind them lie very different meanings of the term city. Anthropology can uncover the motives behind these variations of perspective.From this point of view one may say that only the settlements with a small amount of inhabitants could constitute an issue. That is true.

Yet 40 000 inhabitants would be considered a population fit for a city anywhere in Europe, while in India this number would represent a village, even leaving room for more. In the end, what is a large city and what is a small city? Bucharest is undoubtedly a metropolis. Its status remains valid when compared to any other European city. It is not by chance that Bucharest, on the numbers map, is the sixth E.U. Capital, immediately after Paris and right before Vienna. The emergence of the urban – occurring around 6000 years ago in several parts of the world, coming to life not suddenly, but gradually – represented a major transformation in the history of mankind.

Everything that works towards the becoming of Man, meaning unceasing anthropogenesis, constitutes the subject of anthropology. The process of urbanisation has also been called urban revolution. It is not defined only through the population growth within communities, by the density of the communities, but also through other kinds of inter-human relations and alternative relations with the environment. Urban spaces support a well-oiled production of goods, at firs manufactured, and later industrially produced. Within these spaces organised markets are set up, and the capacity to sustain a war appears. All these factors led to the gradual emergence of a managerial class, to the birth of an elite. These processes, institutions, and new population categories that begin to appear and diversify, will continue to evolve, coming to form all the layers of today’s society.

In other words, social relations represent the force behind the process of urbanisation. What may we come across in urban environments that would explain this very significant growth, development, both material and spiritual diversification, constantly surpassing itself, which cannot be found in rural spaces, where there is no comparable growth or development? The answer is simple, yet generates a number of significations: An intensifying of inter-human communication, an enrichment, a diversification, sometimes even a refinement, of the quality of communication. Inter-human communication is the key.

When we say inter-human communication we mean inter-human contact, both direct and indirect. A person living in an urban environment will have more and more communicative contacts with every passing day – they will jade something to say or hear, directly, face-to-face, or indirectly, through electronic or technologic devices, from and with fellow human beings.

Aside from the spread of mobile and internet networks, the facilitation of travelling thanks to the evolution of means of transportation also contributes significantly to inter-human communication, with the conditions of population density growth and of the increased melting-pot of urban centres. Competition rules in urban environments, life is tense. Everyone is rushing. This results in an increase of aggressive behaviour for each individual, becoming perhaps an indispensable component of each individual’s behaviour. Aggression leads to violence. There are very rapid changes in tastes, way of life, expression.

People tend to imitate one another, and follow the ways of life presented by the media. New habits emerge and are popular for a while until being replaced by others. As in fashion. Trends that do not really follow any moral or health-related perceptions. This explains the rise of psycho-somatic pathology.

The consequences cannot be entirely foreseen. The rhythm of change is very accentuated. There are constant changes in the areas of sexuality, of nutrition, of leisure activities, of individual physical activities. Physical effort is rarer and rarer. All these elements have a major anthropological significance. The changes appear systematically, sometimes emergently, and their effects demand a rapid adaptation to the new situations created. In only ten years mankind will feel the effects of today’s market trends.

Once the pleasure of food was discovered, of culinary refinement, the most important act of maintaining life – the act of eating – began to generate a specific pathology. Nowadays it has led to a pandemic of obesity, vascular diseases and heart conditions etc. The same happened in the case of sexuality. Meant by nature to ensure the continuity of the species, sexuality also becomes a significant source of pleasure for human kind. Today it is difficult to pinpoint what is considered more of a priority, the insurance of our species’ survival or the obtaining of pleasure. Taken on by human nature (that tends to drift further and further away from nature), sexuality nowadays is evolving in almost unimaginable directions, and its process of metamorphosis, from an act of reproduction to an act of pleasure has not yet come to a close.

No barriers of control, be they moral (religious concepts, social) or biological (the apparition of syphilis five centuries ago, or of HIV in more recent years), have managed to influence in any shape or form the view of sexuality as a main source of pleasure. We also point out another major theme for our magazine: the attitude towards health and disease, our preoccupation with preserving our health and well-being as a reaction to sickness. Time and space have always represented great challenges for Man. Humankind has made significant, ceaseless efforts to try and control both time and space.

Time and space have always represented great challenges for Man. Humankind has made significant, ceaseless efforts to try and control both time and space.What there is to be done with saved time, what has been gained from the fact that to go from point A to point B a person has spent only one hour instead of two, is unknown. We would err in stating that nothing has been achieved, that the time gained has been wasted. A main factor of urbanity that deserves to be brought to attention is the high population density – the crowding. Indeed crowding has an impact over growth and development and tends to lead to early sexualisation, for both girls (the early triggering of menstruation) and boys. Each such event has consequences, felt in different aspects of life.

The effects unravel like dominoes, and anthropological research is meant to point out the mechanisms behind these changes and effects, that have anthropological significance and value. The influences and role of crowding and high population density in human evolution are discussed. Behaviour and mentality. Excess and progress. Civilisation and the habitat projected for comfort, and the modification of behavioural patterns and mentalities.

The lack of nature, replaced by apartment plants and pets. Urban stimuli: people of all kinds, varied levels of communication quality, different types of interactions. Thusly, in the contemporary city, which develops at a staggering rate, cultural outskirts also begin to form in a never before seen variety. They are not necessarily ethnical or confessional, but mostly ethologic or professional. Andrada Ivan broaches the subject of the constant nature of these phenomena in her study Diversity, conflict and culture in Urban Anthropology. Furthermore, Alexandru Chirița’s study titled Shared space – a new (re)organisation of public spaces and the city, touches on one of the new elements of this phenomenon of diversity in a global city. The themed file “Cultural outskirts in global cities” focused its attention on the 19th century’s periphery cultures – Latin America, Northern Africa, and the Far East – in order to expose the reality of these huge pressures, which developed in these regions and headed in the opposite direction, towards Western culture.

Bianca Buzdugan published the study The process of urbanisation in the megacity of Tokyo, describing a phenomenon that is still unravelling. Bogdan Petec, through his study Urban space as perceived by the modern Japanese community, is the mirrored image of the changes that begin from within only to extend and shape the external world. In regards to the same cultural area, Constantinescu Andreea develops details pertaining to the changes collectively undergone by very large demographic structures over the course of a single generation, within the context of a rapid urban development accelerated by the rise of technology. The study Population transformations in megacities. Case study: Tokyo is an example illustrating of the aforementioned statement. On the more conservative area of the Near East we have the study written by Sadieh Abdella, regarding the structural modelling of certain tribal identities within the context of the United Arab Emirates’ urban development.

Sadieh presents this reality in the study Anthropology tribe in the UAE. The issue of Urban Anthropology. Emanuel Vilcea Precup focuses on the areas next to the Near East, exhibiting an interest in North-East Africa through his work The Identity of an informal community – a human technology in Cairo. Here, the balance between the tribal and the technologic is rather fragile. Balasz Silviu points us towards the outskirts of the great Brazilian metropolises with the help of his very elaborate study titled Favelas – a special community.

It presents a very well-documented and up-to-date debate on the social, demographic, and cultural dimension of outskirts that are difficult to explore. Breaz Ioana follows with a case study on a professionally organized and monitored phenomenon in the area of Rio de Janeiro: The effects of population relocation along a BRT transportation corridor. The global city, the metropolis of demographic ramifications and increasingly varied professional structures feeds a diversity newly tied to the continuous remodelling of living spaces, but also a socio-professional restructuring of young generations, as they progress towards adulthood. With each passing day a new world is being created in front of our eyes, almost entirely similar and synchronous on all cultural echelons of our world.Dr.

Adrian Majuru. Abstract.The study in question focuses on the domain of living in mega city Rio de Janeiro Brazil, it contains information about the history of the city over the last four hundred years. Also presented housing types, their characteristics and the types of homes that are in this mega city. And in the second part of this study, the influence of people over house ambiance and also the various government measures designed to improve the situation in informal living and improve the living quality of city population.Key words: house life; relocation; redefinition; better life. AbstractIn a modern society, where the main elements of the city tend to expand increasingly more on technology, we are dealing with an alteration of traditional values. Tokyo, the mega-city with the largest stretch in the world, is the most obvious example where such changes may be obseved. From people’s perception of space to community involvement in changing the city to its base, Tokyo is distinguished by its ability in making this change possible.

Technology taken to the extreme, manages to separate both the city, by new emerging spaces, and also actual values from values of the past.Key words: society, technology, infrastructure, public space, community space. The native population of the UAE is overwhelmingly Arab. Generally a different tribe dominates each emirate.

About two-thirds of the UAE’s non-native populations are Asians (largely Indians, Pakistanis, Sri Lankans, Bangladeshis, and Filipinos), and the other third are Iranians or Arabs (primarily Jordanians, Palestinians, and Egyptians), westren population from (USA, UK, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland)also having. Although the huge population share of expatriates has caused some concern% of populations and likely to increase the level of tensions between the various ethnic communities is slight, Standards for public conduct are high.Sadieh AbdallaMaster Student at („Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urbanism, Urbanism), Sadieh.abdalla@gmail.com. Abstract: The article adresses to the winter’s holidays and Christmas Holiday theme. Christmas in the communist period, in which the power of the state changes concepts and principles in all of societies’ areas. And so, the concepts of holidays and the holidays themselves partially change the way they acted and celebration among people, regardless of if they lived in the urban or country side.

And so public holidays in the communist period are considered acts of socio-political ritualized, which dominated the public space and reproduced images of the collective memory.Keywords: communism, lifestyle, culture, Christmas, winter celebrations. Symbiosis, in urbanism or architecture, represents the key relationship between city, building and user. At the same time, it defines the social aspects of a group that lives within an urban space, emphasizing on its evolution and its actions which took place according to those urban conditions. The paper is based on the research regarding the population of Hotel House (mostly immigrants), a residential building from Macerata, Italy.

Prin Contiina Noastr Ne Implicm In Ordinea Sau Dezordinea Universului 3

The emphasis is made on the evolution of the residents, on their ability to adapt to any situation and how they managed to transform this condominium into a vertical city.Key words: urban symbiosis, organism, parasitism, mutualism, symbiont.